Slope: –

The natural rise and fall between two fixed places on the ground is called a slope.

Slopes are mainly of two types –

1.      Regular Slope

2.      Irregular Slope

Romar: –

Romar is a card made of plastic/celluloid with a grid of square sides on both sides of the corner at right angles a length equal to is divided into ten equal parts and marked. whose numbers begin at the corners at right angles where the vertices are marked.

Prismatic Compass: –

it’s a round box There is a device, which points towards the north of the needle magnet.

There are two types of prismatic compass-

1.      Dry Compass.

2.      Liquid Compass.

Liquid compass is often used in the military.

Parts-

1.      Card or Dial.

2.      Milled Vane.

3.      Prism.

Navigation Party: –

The night marching party is called navigation party. There are three soldiers in it, the young man walking in the front, who has a white cloth on his back, is called a guide. Second soldier behind it the one on whose palm the compass is set and who controls the direction of the march is called Navigator. The third soldier who stays behind and counts the distance covered by steps is called counter.

Grid System: –

On the military map published by the Survey Department, there is a network of hard and lying pink and purple lines. This is called grid system and these lines are called grid lines. We can easily use these lines at any particular place.

Horizontal lines drawn from south to north and west to east on a map, whose points move towards the north are called north lines. These lines divide the map into smaller sections.

Types of North: –

1.True North-

Where the earth’s north pole is located that direction is called true north. The thin black lines drawn from bottom to top along the top edge of the map represent true north. The angle formed between this direction and the observer is called the true angle. Actual bearing is worked out by calculations.

2.Grid North-

The east line shown on the map indicates up and in which direction. it is called grid north direction.

The angle formed between this direction and the viewer is called grid bearing.

3.Magnetic North-

The direction to which the compass needle points is called magnetic north. The angle formed between this direction and the viewer is called magnetic north.

Visibility: –

Whether two places are mutually visible or not, knowing this is called visibility.
The following method of determining visibility: –

1.By Inspection-

Can be found by inspecting the map whether two places located on the ground will have mutual visibility or not Join these two on the map by a line. If the contour between two places located on the map displays a relative slope or even slope, then both the places will have mutual visibility.

2.By Calculating-

it’s very easy way to determine the visibility

1)     Join the two places with a line tone and find their height above sea level.

2)     Note the height of the raised spots on the line of sight.

3)     H.E. of both the places. and note the ground distance of the tied points.